Psychologist and Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman reveals the actions we can take to overcome the biases that cripple our decision-making, damper our thinking, and limit our effectiveness. Listen and Learn from the master.
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今天，我很高兴欢迎我们所要求的客人成为2002年诺贝尔经济科学奖的知识项目，心理学家和收件人，丹尼尔卡·坎诺曼。
Often credited as a founding father of the field of behavioral economics, (along with his dear friend and research partner, Amos Tversky,) Daniel has been conducting eye-opening experiments and research demonstrating the unreliability of human rationality for over 40 years.
His work was summarized in the perennial best-selling book思考快速缓慢which has been a major catalyst in introducing the idea of cognitive biases to the mainstream zeitgeist.
Daniel has so much to teach that it would be impossible to capture it in a 60 minute interview, but I did my best. We talk about the factors that contribute to happiness and life satisfaction, procedures to improve our decision-making, what, if anything, can be done to overcome our cognitive biases, why changing behavior is so difficult and much more.
以下是我们对话中的一些亮点：
I think changing behavior is extremely difficult.There are a few tips and a few guidelines about how to do that, but anybody who’s very optimistic about changing behavior is just deluded. It’s hard to change other people’s behavior. It’s very hard to change your own. Not simple.
I’d like people to know that motivation is complex, and that people do good things for a mixture of good and bad reasons; and they do bad things for a mixture of good and bad reasons. I think that there is a point to educating people in psychology. It’s to make them less judgmental. Just have more empathy and more patience. Being judgmental doesn’t get you anywhere.
What gets in the way of clear thinkingis that we have intuitive views of almost everything. So as soon as you present a problem to me, I have some ready made answer. What gets in the way of clear thinking are those ready made answers, and we can’t help but have them.
我们有信仰，因为我们主要相信一些人，我们相信他们。We adopt their beliefs. We don’t reach our beliefs by clear thinking, unless you’re a scientist or doing something like that. There’s a fair amount of emotion when you’re a scientist as well that gets in the way of clear thinking. Commitments to your previous views, being insulted that somebody thinks he’s smarter than you are. I mean lots of things get in the way, even when you’re a scientist. So I’d say there is less clear thinking than people like to think.
Very quickly you form an impression,然后你花费大部分时间确认它而不是收集证据。
Negotiations is not about trying to convince the other guy.It’s about trying to understand them. So again, it’s slowing yourself down. It’s not doing what comes naturally because trying to convince them is applying pressure. Arguments, promises, and threats are always applying pressure. What you really want is to understand what you can do to make it easy for them to move your way. Very non-intuitive. That’s a surprising thing when you teach negotiation. It’s not obvious. We are taught to apply pressure and socialize that way.
Independence is the key否则当你不爬山e precautions, it’s like having a bunch of witnesses to some crime and allowing those witnesses to talk to each other. They’re going to be less valuable if you’re interested in the truth than keeping them rigidly separate, and collecting what they have to say.
